Piracetam.net (Australia & NZ) - Nootropics, Modafinil & more

  • Contact Us
  • About Us
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • facebook
  • twitter
  • instagram
  • dailymotion
  • tumblr
Search
Menu
  • Piracetam
    • Piracetam — The Original Nootropic
    • Is Piracetam Legal in Australia?
    • Piracetam stacks: More than the sum of their parts
    • Taking Choline with Piracetam
    • Piracetam vs Aniracetam: Which is Best?
    • Piracetam vs Modafinil
    • Close
  • Modafinil
    • Modafinil – The Definitive Resource (2020)
    • The Ultimate Guide to Buying MODAFINIL Online
    • Best Modafinil Deals with Bitcoin or Other Cryptocurrencies (Altcoins)
    • Buying Modafinil Online? Get the Latest Discounts on Here
    • Off-label applications for Modafinil
    • Modafinil scientifically proven to improve cognitive performance
    • Guide to Getting the Most out of Modafinil for Studying
    • How to Stop Modafinil-induced Anxiety
    • Modafinil – For Staying Awake and Alert
    • Piracetam vs Modafinil
    • Does Modafinil Really Work? New Study Says Yes.
    • Adrafinil – A Cost-Effective Way to Stay Alert
    • History of Modafinil
    • Close
  • Aniracetam
    • Aniracetam: For Enhancing Cognition and Mood
    • Piracetam vs Aniracetam: Which is Best?
    • Close
  • Choline
    • Choline: A Cognitive Enhancer and an Essential Nutrient
    • Taking Choline with Piracetam
    • CDP-choline: Citicoline Provides a Boost in Focus & Memory
    • Alpha-GPC: More than Just a Choline Supplement
    • Close
  • Alpha Brain
    • Alpha Brain: a Nootropic Stack All in One
    • Alpha Brain – To Buy or Not To Buy?
    • Getting the Most out of Alpha Brain
    • Onnit Releases new Alpha Brain Instant
    • Close
  • Nootropics Articles
    • What Exactly Are Nootropics?
    • Nootropics for Beginners: What, Why, and How
    • Tips for Maximising Caffeine Supplementation
    • Rhodiola Extracts: Rosavin vs. Salidrosides
    • Gotu Kola: The Brain Herb
    • How and Why You Should Feed Your Brain With Phospholipids
    • Using Bacopa monnieri for Cognitive Performance
    • The Nootropic Benefits of Ginseng
    • Nootropics for ADHD
    • The Cognitive Benefits of L-Theanine
    • Racetams: An Overview
    • Psilocybin: Microdosing For Nootropic Effects
    • Huperzine A – the Newest Study Aid?
    • CILTEP – Retain Information Better, for Longer
    • Vinpocetine: An Oxygen Boost to the Brain
    • Studying with Nootropics
    • Phenylpiracetam: A Powerful Racetam with Unique Properties
    • Pramiracetam: For Extreme Cognitive Power
    • Oxiracetam: A Powerful Alternative
    • Noopept: A Superstrong Cognition and Mood Booster
    • Natural Cognitive Enhancers
    • The Top 5 Science-Backed Benefits of Reishi Mushrooms
    • Ashwagandha: India’s Oldest Superherb
    • 5 Brain-Boosting Benefits Of Cordyceps Mushroom
    • Lion’s Mane Mushroom for Cognitive Enhancement
    • Top Five Nootropics from the Bulletproof Company
    • Lithium for Brain Health – History, Benefits, Supplementation, Side Effects & More
    • Close
  • Forum / Q&A

Leave a Comment

How and Why You Should Feed Your Brain With Phospholipids

How and Why You Should Feed Your Brain With Phospholipids
Photo of Phospholipid
Phospholipids are used primarily to slow the onset of age-related cognitive decline.

Have you ever heard of phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylserine?

The names are long and complex, but the benefits are simple: brain optimisation.

Our brains need fats to function — We use them for everything from controlling blood flow to building neurotransmitters. Without access to fats, our brains quickly deteriorate.

One of the most important sources of fat-containing brain foods are the phospholipids.

Phospholipids are used primarily to slow the onset of age-related cognitive decline — such as Alzheimer’s or dementia and offer widespread benefits to all brains, even healthy ones.

In this article, we’re going to go over whys phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine are important.

We’ll break down the differences between the two and go over what the scientific community says about these nutritional nootropic supplements.

The Brain is Made of Fat

human brain
The human brain is made up of nearly sixty percent fats.

The brain is made up of about 60% fat by weight.[1]Chang, C. Y., Ke, D. S., & Chen, J. Y. (2009). Essential fatty acids and human brain. Acta Neurol Taiwan, 18(4), 231-41. Scientists can predict our cognitive integrity with impressive accuracy using the state of brain fat as the primary metric.

Poor fat distribution in the brain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease,[2]Morris, M. C., Evans, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Tangney, C. C., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., … & Schneider, J. (2003). Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of neurology, 60(7), 940-946. multiple sclerosis,[3]Nightingale, S., Woo, E., Smith, A. D., French, J. M., Gale, M. M., Sinclair, H. M., … & Shaw, D. A. (1990). Red blood cell and adipose tissue fatty acids in mild inactive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 82(1), 43-50. and various other neurodegenerative disorders.[4]Lukiw, W. J., & Bazan, N. G. (2008). Docosahexaenoic acid and the ageing brain. The Journal of nutrition, 138(12), 2510-2514.

Our brains require a steady supply of fat to thrive.

What Does the Brain Use Fat For?

Over half of the brain is fat, what is it for?

Some common applications of fats in the brain include:

  • Cell membranes of neurons
  • Myelin sheath insulates nerve fibers
  • Chemical messengers (including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and prostacyclin)

Fats: Food for the Brain

Like other organs, the brain is in a constant state of flux.

Cells are born, age, die, and are recycled — if they aren’t replaced, cognitive output begins to suffer.  

Neurotransmitters and chemical messengers are created and destroyed — without them, we lose our ability to maintain neurochemical balance.

The myelin sheathing that insulates electrical impulses from our nerves need to be replaced from time to time — if not, they “short out”, which is what happens with multiple sclerosis.  

In order to support this flux, we need a steady stream of raw ingredients.

We can manufacture some fatty precursors ourselves from food, others we cannot.

Perhaps the most important group of fatty precursors concerning the brain are the phospholipids.

What are Phospholipids? What Makes Them so Important?

Phospholipids are part phosphorous, part fatty acid (often essential fatty acids), and part amino acid (building blocks for proteins).

They’re nutritional powerhouses for the brain — releasing raw materials that directly support the brain’s heavy nutritional requirements.

There are two phospholipids in particular that are important for optimising brain health:

1. Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine phospholipid molecule
Phosphatidylserine plays a role in keeping the mind sharp as we age. It’s naturally produced in the body, but we produce less as we age.

Phosphatidylserine is a molecule consisting of phosphorous, a fatty acid, and L-serine — an amino acid and key precursor for the manufacture of cell membranes.

What are the benefits of phosphatidylserine?

Phosphatidylserine plays a role in keeping the mind sharp as we age. It’s naturally produced in the body, but we produce less as we age.

We use phosphatidylserine for functions such as cell signalling, cell fluidity, and modulating neurotransmitter levels.

Over time, phosphatidylserine supplementation provides a gradual improvement on a variety of cognitive metrics including memory,[5]Crook, T. H., Tinklenberg, J., Yesavage, J., Petrie, W., Nunzi, M. G., & Massari, D. C. (1991). Effects of phosphatidylserine in age‐associated memory impairment. Neurology, 41(5), 644-649.[6]Calderini, G., Aporti, F., Bellini, F., Bonetti, A. C., Teolato, S., Zanotti, A., & Toffano, G. (1985). Pharmacological Effect of Phosphatidylserine on Age‐Dependent Memory Dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444(1), 504-506. stress resistance,[7]Hellhammer, J., Hero, T., Franz, N., Contreras, C., & Schubert, M. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids administered in phosphatidylserine improved certain aspects of high chronic stress in men. Nutrition research, 32(4), 241-250. and acetylcholine levels.[8]Pedata, F., Giovannelli, L., Spignoli, G., Giovannini, M. G., & Pepeu, G. (1985). Phosphatidylserine increases acetylcholine release from cortical slices in aged rats. Neurobiology of aging, 6(4), 337-339.

It’s also proven to slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and dementia.[9]Calderini, G., Aporti, F., Bellini, F., Bonetti, A. C., Teolato, S., Zanotti, A., & Toffano, G. (1985). Pharmacological Effect of Phosphatidylserine on Age‐Dependent Memory Dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444(1), 504-506.

The trick to using it effectively is to use it regularly for long periods of time.

Suggested uses of phosphatidylserine:

  • Supports ADD/ADHD
  • Enhances or optimises overall cognitive function
  • Reduces the negative effects of stress
  • Slows the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  • Improve learning and memory
  • Improves our ability to resist the adverse effects of stress

How does it work?

Our brains make phosphatidylserine naturally — it can be found in abundance in the brain, lungs, testes, kidneys, liver, bones, heart, and in our bloodstream.[10]Folch, J. (1942). Brain cephalin, a mixture of phosphatides. Separation from it of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and a fraction containing an inositol phosphatide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 146(1), 35-44.

It’s believed to provide fluidity for the cells, especially nerve cells. Fluidity in the cell membrane improves the cells’ ability to send signals and communicate with other parts of the body.

It plays a major role in the process of apoptosis—programmed cell death.[11]Vermes, I., Haanen, C., Steffens-Nakken, H., & Reutellingsperger, C. (1995). A novel assay for apoptosis flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V. Journal of immunological methods, 184(1), 39-51.

Apoptosis is important because the body uses it to tell cells that are either sick or worn out to self-destruct and make room for healthy cells to take their place.

Where does it come from?

We can get phosphatidylserine from the brains of mammals, such as cows or sheep, however, most of the phosphatidylserine on the market is manufactured from soy.

What’s the dose?

The typical dose of phosphatidylserine is 100 mg taken 3 or 4 times per day.

Like other nutritional nootropics, it’s vital that you take this supplement over long periods of time. Concentrations of phosphatidylserine take a few weeks to build up in the brain before they start delivering benefits.

It also tends to offer a deeper, longer-lasting change in cognitive function than more direct nootropics such as Noopept or Piracetam.

You can expect 2 or 3 weeks of steady use before you start to notice any benefits. These benefits often remain for 6-12 months after stopping the supplement.

Buy Phospholipids Online Review Comparison Table

Product Company Quantity Price Country Website
Smart PS™ (Phosphatidylserine) Softgels
Phosphatidylserine
Pure Nootropics
4 and a Half Stars
60 pills (100mg) $26.99 Worldwide, US, AU flags
Worldwide, US, AU
Visit Website >>
Nordic Naturals, Omega-3 Phospholipids
Phosphatidylserine
iHerb
4 and a Half Stars
60 pills (750mg) $33.96 Worldwide, AU flags
Worldwide, AU
Visit Website >>
Double Wood Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine
Double Wood
4 and a Half Stars
120 pills (150mg) $19.95 Worldwide, US, AU flags
Worldwide, US, AU
Visit Website >>

2. Phosphatidylcholine

Cell membrane structure
Low levels of phosphatidylcholine are associated with Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia.

Phosphatidylcholine is very similar in structure to phosphatidylserine, only instead of an L-serine group, it contains a choline chemical group.

Low levels of phosphatidylcholine are associated with Alzheimer’s disease,[12]Mulder, C., Wahlund, L. O., Teerlink, T., Blomberg, M., Veerhuis, R., Van Kamp, G. J., … & Scheffer, P. G. (2003). Decreased lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine ratio in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of neural transmission, 110(8), 949-955. and schizophrenia.[13]Schwarz, E., Prabakaran, S., Whitfield, P., Major, H., Leweke, F. M., Koethe, D., … & Bahn, S. (2008). High throughput lipidomic profiling of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder brain tissue reveals alterations of free fatty acids, phosphatidylcholines, and ceramides. Journal of proteome research, 7(10), 4266-4277.

What are the benefits of phosphatidylcholine?

The brain uses the phospholipid as a building block for cell membranes and the myelin around nerve cells.

The choline molecules are stripped off and used to build neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine — a critical component of learning and memory.

Suggested uses of phosphatidylcholine

  • Protects the cardiovascular system
  • Slows the progression of Alzheimer’s disease
  • Reduces age-related memory decline
  • Injectable forms are used to treat Eczema
  • Reduces symptoms of Tardive dyskinesia
  • Lowers serum cholesterol levels

Where does it come from?

Like phosphatidylserine, we produce this compound in the body naturally, however, supplemental forms remain useful for boosting the concentrations of this compound in the brain — which provides a range of improvements to overall cognitive function.

One of the best sources of phosphatidylcholine is eggs, but we also find it in foods such as soybeans, mustard, and sunflower seeds.

Lecithin, a well-known health supplement is a larger molecule containing phosphatidylcholine. When lecithin breaks down in the body, it releases a phosphatidylcholine molecule into the bloodstream where it travels to the brain.

What’s the dose?

The typical dose of phosphatidylcholine is 500–4000 mg per day, usually divided into 2 or 3 doses throughout the day.

Similar to other nootropic phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine should be taken regularly over long periods of time before any benefits are experienced.  

Buy Alpha GPC Online Review Comparison Table

Product Company Quantity Price Country Website
Pure Nootropics Alpha GPC
Alpha GPC Capsules & Powder
Pure Nootropics
4 and a Half Stars
60 pills (250mg) $10.99 – $21.99 Worldwide, US, AU flags
Worldwide, US, AU
Visit Website >>
NOW Alpha GPC
Alpha GPC
iHerb
4 and a Half Stars
60 pills (300mg) $23.36 Worldwide, AU flags
Worldwide, AU
Visit Website >>
Double Wood Alpha GPC
Alpha GPC
Double Wood
4 Stars
60 pills (300mg) $19.95 Worldwide, US, AU flags
Worldwide, US, AU
Visit Website >>

Buy CDP Choline Online Review Comparison Table

Product Company Quantity Price Country Website
Pure Nootropics CDP Choline
CDP Choline
Pure Nootropics
4 and a Half Stars
60 pills (300mg) $19.99 Worldwide, US, AU flags
Worldwide, US, AU
Visit Website >>
Jarrow Formulas, Citicoline, CDP Choline
CDP Choline
iHerb
4 and a Half Stars
60 pills (250mg) $22.26 Worldwide, AU flags
Worldwide, AU
Visit Website >>
Double Wood CDP Choline
CDP Choline
Double Wood
4 Stars
60 pills (300mg) $19.95 Worldwide, US, AU flags
Worldwide, US, AU
Visit Website >>

Does Scientific Research Support the use of Phospholipids for Cognitive Enhancement?

There’s been an increase in interest in phospholipids in recent years as a potential treatment for neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, and depression.

Age-related memory loss

A study published in 1991 involving 149 patients with age-related memory decline were given either 100 mg phosphatidylserine or a placebo for 12 weeks. Researchers noted an improvement in both learning and memory in the treatment group. They concluded that “[phosphatidylserine] may be a promising candidate for treating memory loss later in life”.

Animal studies involving aging rats were given phosphatidylserine at a daily dose of 15-50 mg/kg. Researchers noted that rats given phospholipids showed a lower rate of cognitive decline as the rats got older.[14]Calderini, G., Aporti, F., Bellini, F., Bonetti, A. C., Teolato, S., Zanotti, A., & Toffano, G. (1985). Pharmacological Effect of Phosphatidylserine on Age‐Dependent Memory Dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444(1), 504-506.

Alzheimer’s Disease

One of the primary treatment aims for Alzheimer’s disease is to inhibit an enzyme responsible for breaking down the memory-associated neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase.[15]Shintani, E. Y., & Uchida, K. M. (1997). Donepezil: an anticholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer’s disease. American journal of health-system pharmacy, 54(24), 2805-2810. Research proved that cell membranes high in phosphatidylserine correlate with a natural downregulation of the enzyme, supporting optimal levels of acetylcholine in the brain and slowing the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.[16]Tsakiris, S., & Deliconstantinos, G. (1984). Influence of phosphatidylserine on (Na++ K+)-stimulated ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities of dog brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. Biochemical Journal, 220(1), 301-307.

ADD/ADHD

36 children between the ages of 4 and 14 with ADHD were given either 200 mg phosphatidylserine or placebo for 2 months. At the end of the study, researchers concluded that the group treated with phosphatidylserine showed a significant reduction in ADHD symptoms and improved short-term memory compared to the placebo group.[17]Hirayama, S., Terasawa, K., Rabeler, R., Hirayama, T., Inoue, T., Tatsumi, Y., … & Jäger, R. (2014). The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics, 27, 284-291.

Conclusion

The brain contains a high concentration of fat. This fat is used to manufacture new cells, control the transmission of electrical impulses, build neurotransmitters, and regulate cellular communication.

One of the key areas of focus nootropics manufacturers use to optimise brain health is the addition of fatty acids and phospholipids. They’re used by healthy individuals to protect the brain from cognitive decline and maintain a high level of cognitive output.

These fatty molecules certainly deserve more attention. These nutritional nootropics are even more popular among the elderly for their role in offsetting age-related memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease.

Originally posted on January 7, 2019, last updated on January 18, 2023.

References

[+]

References

↑1 Chang, C. Y., Ke, D. S., & Chen, J. Y. (2009). Essential fatty acids and human brain. Acta Neurol Taiwan, 18(4), 231-41.
↑2 Morris, M. C., Evans, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Tangney, C. C., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., … & Schneider, J. (2003). Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of neurology, 60(7), 940-946.
↑3 Nightingale, S., Woo, E., Smith, A. D., French, J. M., Gale, M. M., Sinclair, H. M., … & Shaw, D. A. (1990). Red blood cell and adipose tissue fatty acids in mild inactive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 82(1), 43-50.
↑4 Lukiw, W. J., & Bazan, N. G. (2008). Docosahexaenoic acid and the ageing brain. The Journal of nutrition, 138(12), 2510-2514.
↑5 Crook, T. H., Tinklenberg, J., Yesavage, J., Petrie, W., Nunzi, M. G., & Massari, D. C. (1991). Effects of phosphatidylserine in age‐associated memory impairment. Neurology, 41(5), 644-649.
↑6, ↑9, ↑14 Calderini, G., Aporti, F., Bellini, F., Bonetti, A. C., Teolato, S., Zanotti, A., & Toffano, G. (1985). Pharmacological Effect of Phosphatidylserine on Age‐Dependent Memory Dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444(1), 504-506.
↑7 Hellhammer, J., Hero, T., Franz, N., Contreras, C., & Schubert, M. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids administered in phosphatidylserine improved certain aspects of high chronic stress in men. Nutrition research, 32(4), 241-250.
↑8 Pedata, F., Giovannelli, L., Spignoli, G., Giovannini, M. G., & Pepeu, G. (1985). Phosphatidylserine increases acetylcholine release from cortical slices in aged rats. Neurobiology of aging, 6(4), 337-339.
↑10 Folch, J. (1942). Brain cephalin, a mixture of phosphatides. Separation from it of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and a fraction containing an inositol phosphatide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 146(1), 35-44.
↑11 Vermes, I., Haanen, C., Steffens-Nakken, H., & Reutellingsperger, C. (1995). A novel assay for apoptosis flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V. Journal of immunological methods, 184(1), 39-51.
↑12 Mulder, C., Wahlund, L. O., Teerlink, T., Blomberg, M., Veerhuis, R., Van Kamp, G. J., … & Scheffer, P. G. (2003). Decreased lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine ratio in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of neural transmission, 110(8), 949-955.
↑13 Schwarz, E., Prabakaran, S., Whitfield, P., Major, H., Leweke, F. M., Koethe, D., … & Bahn, S. (2008). High throughput lipidomic profiling of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder brain tissue reveals alterations of free fatty acids, phosphatidylcholines, and ceramides. Journal of proteome research, 7(10), 4266-4277.
↑15 Shintani, E. Y., & Uchida, K. M. (1997). Donepezil: an anticholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer’s disease. American journal of health-system pharmacy, 54(24), 2805-2810.
↑16 Tsakiris, S., & Deliconstantinos, G. (1984). Influence of phosphatidylserine on (Na++ K+)-stimulated ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities of dog brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. Biochemical Journal, 220(1), 301-307.
↑17 Hirayama, S., Terasawa, K., Rabeler, R., Hirayama, T., Inoue, T., Tatsumi, Y., … & Jäger, R. (2014). The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics, 27, 284-291.

Filed Under: Nootropics

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Alpha Brain by Onnit

Ready to break through mental fog? Try a one-week, free trial of Onnit's best-selling nootropic, Alpha Brain.pixel

Find us on Facebook

Forum

  • Best place to buy Modafinil online for Australian? asked by Roland
  • Modafinil Discount Coupon/Voucher Code? asked by modafinil lover
  • Piracetam and Zoloft? asked by Anonymous
  • Starting Piracetam (again) this week, attack dose or no attack dose, thoughts? asked by Tommy
  • Nootropics for a 90yr old male? asked by Anonymous

Recent Comments

  • Andrew Huang on Methylene Blue for Memory and Energy Enhancement
  • Soloman on Getting the Most out of Alpha Brain
  • Matt on Getting the Most out of Alpha Brain
  • MAC on Getting the Most out of Alpha Brain
  • Thatcher on How to Stop Modafinil-induced Anxiety
Content Protection by DMCA.com

This website uses cookies by default. You may opt-out if desired by clicking settings.Cookie settingsACCEPT
Copyright © 2011-2023 Piracetam.net • Privacy Policy • Terms of Service • Disclosure Policy Disclaimer: No statements made on this informational website have been reviewed by any government agencies or associations. The products, nutritional supplements and natural based herbal and food-based constituents mentioned on this site are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, alleviate or prevent any diseases or illnesses. All content on this site is the opinions of their respective authors who do not claim or profess to be medical professionals providing medical advice, except where clearly stated. This website is solely for the purpose of providing the opinions of the authors and content contributors. You should consult with your doctor or qualified healthcare professional before you start taking any dietary supplements or engage in activities mentioned on this site. This website is supported by different affiliates and we receive a paid commission on various products mentioned throughout. Any and all trademarks, logos brand names and service marks displayed on this website are the registered or unregistered Trademarks of their respective owners.

This website uses cookies by default. You may opt-out if desired by clicking settings. Cookie settingsACCEPT
Privacy & Cookies Policy

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.
Necessary
Always Enabled
Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.
Non-necessary
Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.
SAVE & ACCEPT